PROF. IROYE SAMUEL OPEYEMI
(Resident Faculty)
Conflict Resolution
Strategic Studies
Law
PHD- Strategic Studies – Conflict Resolution (Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma Edo State)
LL.M – Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State
B.L – Ambrosr Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State
LL.B – University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara Statae
PGDDE – National Open University of Nigeria, Lagos
Email:
GST (212) – Philosophy, Logic and Human Existence
a) Topical issues in peace studies and conflict resolution- ISBN: 978-978-785-638-3 --- 2024
b) Business Law for Schools ISBN 978-978-912-550-0 -------------------------------------------2016
Course Title Course Code Credit Unit Programme
1. Law of Evidence I - Pul445 4 Credit Unit Ll.B Programme
2. Law of Evidence II- Pul446 4 Credit Unit Ll.B Programme
3. Understating Conflict and War- PCR271 3 Credit Unit- BSc. PCR (Joint Authour)
(b) Chapters in Books Published
1. 1. Fatele, S. O. & Iroye, S. O. (2024). Navigating Language and Cultural Diversity: Implications for Conflict Resolution in Nigeria. In: Emerging Issues in Conflict Resolution, Peace and Strategic Studies. Samuel Iroye, Basil Ibebunjo and Samuel Fatele (Eds.). A Publication of Department of Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution, National Open University of Nigeria, Abuja: pp. 141-153. ISBN 978-978-769-024-6.
2. Iroye Samuel Opeyemi, Mordi, T., Mordi, C. (2023). Industrial Trade Dispute and Legal Regulation in Nigeria. In: Mordi, C., Ajonbadi, H.A., Adekoya, O.D. Adisa T. A. (eds) Managing Human Resources in Africa. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3- 031-33878-6. pp 185–198. ISBN-978-3-031-33878-6 (International)
3. Iroye Samuel Opeyemi, Mordi, T., Mordi, C. (2023). The Legal Regulations of Employment Relations and Conflicts in Nigeria
. In: Mordi, C., Ajonbadi, H.A., Adekoya, O.D. (eds) Employee Relations and Trade Unions in Africa. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26825-0_9. pp 175–191. ISBN-978-3-031-26824-3. (International)
4. Hashimu Shehu and Iroye, S. O. (2023)- Peace in the Light of the “Bible” and “Quran”: Challenges of Peaceful Coexistence Between Christian and Muslim in Northern Nigeria. ‘‘Readings in Peace, Conflicts and Strategic Studies’’. Edited by Iroye Samuel O and Ibebunjo Basil O. Published by The Department of Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution, National Open University of Nigeria. Page 181-195. ISBN-978-978-797-364-6.
5. Iroye, S. O. (2023)- Non-Governmental Organisations, Civil Society Organisations and Conflict Management Strategy: A Perspective from Nigeria. ‘‘Readings in Peace, Conflicts and Strategic Studies’’. Edited by Iroye Samuel O and Ibebunjo Basil O. Published by The Department of Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution, National Open University of Nigeria. Page 102-114. ISBN-978-978-797-364-6
6. Iroye, S. O. (2022)- Police Deviance: Crime Prevention and Control in Nigeria. ‘‘Nigeria Police Force: Crime Prevention and Control’’.
Edited by James E. Odivwri. Published by Ahmadu Bello University Press, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Page 131 – 144. ISBN-978-978-986-622-9.
7. Dawood Egbefo and Iroye, S. O. (2022)- Peace Building as a Veritable Instrument for Democratic Sustainability in Nigeria: Contending Issues and Options ‘‘Peace Building and Nationalism’’. Edited by Iroye Samuel O and Ibebunjo Basil O.. Published by The Department of Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution, National Open University of Nigeria. Page 1-25. ISBN-978-978-791-873-9.
8. Iroye, S. O. and Florence Awosan (2022)- The Role of Racism in Gender-Based Violence ‘‘Peace Building and Nationalism’’. Edited by Iroye Samuel O and Ibebunjo Basil O.. Published by The Department of Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution, Natioanal Open University of Nigeria. Page 206-222. ISBN-978-978-791-873-9.
9. Iroye, S. O. (2020)- An Assessment of the Impact of the Mass Media in Conflict Management and Transformation and Implication On Peace-Building and Peace-Making in Nigeria. ‘ Diversity and Sustainable Development in Africa’’ Chapter 22, Edited by Maurice N. Amutabi and Linnet Hamasi Published by The Centre for Democracy, Research and Development (Cedred), Nairobi, Kenya, Page 299 – 307.ISBN978-9966-116-62-8 (International)
10. Iroye, S. O. And Basil Ibebunjo (2019)- Civil Society, Conflict Resolution and National Security: A Case for The Nigerian Bar Association. ‘’Diaries of Development in Africa’’ Chapter 11, Edited by Maurice N. Amutabi. Published by The Centre for Democracy, Research and Development (Cedred), Nairobi, Kenya. Page 129 - 138. ISBN 978-9966-116-70-3 (International).
11. Iroye, S. O. (2019)- Societal Institutions and Impact in Promoting Peace Education in Nigeria. ‘‘Readings in Peace & Conflict’’. Chapter 27, Edited by Elias Suleiman Bogoro, Matt Meyer, Nathaniel D. Danjibo. Published by The Society for Peace Studies and Practice (Spsp), Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, Page 283- 291. ISBN-978-978-975-945-3.
12. Iroye, S.O. (2013) - Corporate Social Responsibility: The Practice and Criticism in Nigeria. [Reading in Contemporary Law and Policy Issues: Essay in Honour of Justice Iche N. Ndu, The Chief Judge of Rivers State, Volume 2, 2013. Publication of Institute of Human Capacity Development and Continuing Education, Port Harcourt. Page 228-252.ISBN-978-2954-72-9.
13. Iroye, S.O. (2013) - The Constitutionality of the State Pardon of Dipreye Alamieyeisegha; General Implication On the Nation Nigeria. [Current Issues in Nigerian Law, Volume 3 (2013). Publication of The School of Law, National Open University of Nigeria] Page 108- 129. ISBN-978-978-486165-6.
14. Iroye, S.O. (2012) - Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Protection in Nigeria. [Current Issues in Nigerian Law, Volume 2 (2012). Publication of The School of Law, National Open University of Nigeria]. Page 1- 64. ISBN-978-978-486165-6.
(c ) Journal Articles
Major Journal Articles
15.Ibe, M. U., Iroye Samuel O., & Ibebunjo, B. (2025). “An Examination of The Applicability Of Samuel Huntington’s Clash of Civilizations Thesis to Tiv-Jukun, Jos North-Jos South, Aguleri-Umuleri, and Ife-Modakeke Conflicts in Nigeria”, International Journal of Modern Science and Research Technology, 3(1), 24-45. Retrieved from https://www.ijmsrt.com/articles/view/an-examination-of-the-applicability-of-samuel-huntington-s-clash-of-civilizations-thesis-to-tiv-jukun-jos-north-jos-south-aguleri-umuleri-and-ife-modakeke-conflicts-in-nigeria
16. Ibe, M. U., Iroye Samuel O., & Ibebunjo, B. (2024). “An exploration of the interests of the United States in Western Africa using Huntington's thesis on the clash of civilizations as a framework.” Journal of Science Technology and Education, 12(4), 49–58. Retrieved from www.atbuftejoste.com.ng. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14726061
17.Adegbe, S. O. Shaibu, M. E., Iroye, S. o. (2024). Development-Induced Displacement and Its Effects on Human Security in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. NOUN International Journal of Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution (NIJPCR). A Publication of Department of Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution, Faculty of Social Sciences, National Open University of Nigeria. Vol. 4, NO.2, pp-189-204. ISSN: 2756-6099.
18. Ibe, M. U., Iroye, S., & Ibebunjo, B. (2024), “Bimodal Voters Accreditation System and Election Integrity, ICRPC JOURNAL OF CRISIS RESOLUTION AND PEACE BUILDING [IJCPB] Volume 1, No.1, 2024. A Publication of the Institute for Crisis Resolution, Peacebuilding and Conciliation. Abuja, Nigeria. Page 120-138. ISSN-3027-0006.
19. Ibe, M. U., Iroye, S., & Ibebunjo, B. (2024). “An analysis of how identity-based conflicts have shaped African cultures”, Vunoklang Multidisciplinary Journal of Science and Technology Education, 12(3), 305–311. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14512652
20.Awosan F. Florence, Okolo O. Philips and Iroye, Samuel O. (2023) – Physical and Emotional Abuse on Women in Nigeria: The Pattern and impacts. Journal of Research and Development Studies, Volume 7, No.1, July (2023). A Publication of the Western Delta University, Oghara Delta State, Nigeria. www.Lbrucepublications.com. Page 158-170. ISSN- 2682-6232.
21.Ndeche F. Okechukwu, Iroye, Samuel O. and Okolo O. Philips (2023) – The Direct Primaries Option in the Nigerian Electoral Process -2015-2023: A Perspective. Journal of Research and Development Studies, Volume 7, No.1, July (2023). A Publication of the Western Delta University, Oghara Delta State, Nigeria. www.Lbrucepublications.com. Page 123-141. ISSN- 2682-6232
22. Iroye, Samuel O. (2023) – Youths, Political Participation and Peaceful Democratic 2023 General Election in Nigeria. Noun International Journal of Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution, Volume 3, No.1, 2023. A Publication of the Department of Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution, National Open University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria. Page 46-59. ISSN-2756-6099. (International)
23. Fatele, S. O., Iroye S. O., & Ibebunjo, O. B. (2023). Implications of Border Security and Management on Local Communities in Yobe State, Nigeria. The Journal of Criminology and Securuty Studies. A Publication of Department of Criminology and Security Studies, National Open University of Nigeria. Vol. 4 No. 2, pp. 166-173. ISSN 2786- 989-X.
24. Ibe, M. U., Iroye, S., & Ibebunjo, B. (2023). “An analysis of the Rwandan genocide”, Journal of Science Technology and Education, 11(2), 459–467. Retrieved from www.atbuftejoste.com.ng. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14726147.
25. Adegbe, S. O., Shaibu, M. E., Iroye, S. O. (2023). Boko Haram Terrorism and Human Security in Nigeria: Implication for National Security. Journal of Social Sciences (JSS). A Journal of Faculty of Social Sciences, National Open University of Nigeria. Volume 7, No 2, pp 152-177. ISSN: 2579-0838.
26. Ibe, M. U., Iroye, S., & Ibebunjo, B. (2023). “Exploration of the conflict resolution strategies on the Gaza conflict”, Journal of Science Technology and Education, 11(1), 453–457. Retrieved from www.atbuftejoste.com.ng. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14726213
27. Fatele Samuel O and Iroye, Samuel O. (2022)- Peace and Conflict Management in Nigeria. Journal of Social Sciences, Volume 6, No.1 2022. A Publication of the Faculty of Social Sciences, National Open University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria. Page 167-189. ISSN 2579-0838. (International).
28. Ibe, M. U., Iroye, S., & Ibebunjo, B. (2022). “Islamic fundamentalist group in Afghanistan and reframing socio-cultural values”, Journal of Science Technology and Education, 10(4), 454–463. Retrieved from www.atbuftejoste.com.ng. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14725919.
29. Fatele, S. O., Iroye S. O., & Ibebunjo, O. B. (2022). An Assessment of Insecurity and Its Implications on Socio-Economic Development of the Federal Capital Territory. The Journal of Society for Peace Studies and Practice. A Publication of Society for Peace Studies and Practice. Edition No. 11, pp. 49-62. ISSN 2360-9427.
30. Fatele, S.O. & Iroye S.O. (2022). Peace and Conflict Management in Nigeria: The Yoruba Traditional Judicial Institutions in Perspective. Journal of Social Sciences (JSS). A Publication of the Faculty of Social Sciences, National Open University of Nigeria. Vol. 6. No. 1, June, 2022., pp. 167-189. ISSN 2579-0838.
Noun International Journal of Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution, Volume 2, No.2, 2022. A Publication of the Department of Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution, National Open University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria. Page 20-34. ISSN-2756-6099. (International).
32. Awosan Florence and Iroye, Samuel O. (2022)- Female Genital Mutilation and Social-Cultural Implications in Nigeria. Noun International Journal of Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution, Volume 2, No.1, 2022. A Publication of the Department of Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution, National Open University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria. Page 1-16. ISSN-2756-6099. (International).
33. Iroye, Samuel O. and Ajeh Deborah O. (2021)- An Examination of the Impact of community Based Organisations in Peace Building and Conflict Management in Nigeria. Noun International Journal of Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution, Volume 1, No.2A, 2021. A Publication of the Department of Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution, National Open University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria. Page 174-190. ISSN-2756-6099. (International).
Noun International Journal of Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution, Volume 1, No.1 2021. A Publication of the Department of Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution, National Open University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria. Page 135-153. ISSN-2756-6099. (International).
35. Iroye, Samuel O. (2021)- Migration and Conflicts in Nigeria: Issues and Management Strategies. International Journal of Migration and Global Studies, Volume 1, No.2 2021. A Publication of the Centre of Excellence in Migration and global Studies, National Open University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria. Page 276-299. ISSN-2782-7534. (International).
36. Iroye, Samuel O. (2021)- A Critical Examination of the Causes and Management of Marital Conflicts in Nigeria. Noun International Journal of Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution, Volume 1, No.2B, 2021. A Publication of the Department of Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution, National Open University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria. Page 167-184. ISSN-2756-6099 (International).
37. Iroye, S. O. (2020)- Implications of Family Conflicts in Nigeria. Renaissance University Journal of Management and Social Sciences (RUJMASS), Volume 6, No.2 December, 2020, A Publication of the College of Management and Social Sciences, Renaissance University, Ugbawka, Enugu State, Nigeria, Page 20-25. ISSN-2467-8139. (International).
38. Iroye, S. O. (2020)- The social media and The Promotion of Peace Information in Nigeria. Polac International Journal of Humanities and Securities Studies, Volume 5, No.1 January-June 2020, A Journal Publication of the Department of History and International Studies, Nigeria Police Academy, Wudil, Kano, Nigeria, Page 80-93. ISSN-2476-8057. (International).
39. Iroye, S. O. And Ajeh, D. O. (2020)- The Entrepreneur and Effective Conflict Management in A Business Environment. Kampala International University Journal of Humanities, Volume 5, No.3, 2020, A Publication of Kampala International University, Uganda. (Online: Http://Www.Ijhumas.Com/Ojs/Index.Php/Kiuhums) Page 83-90, ISSN- 2522-2821. (International).
40. Iroye, S. O. (2020)- The Electoral Best Practices and Peace Building Strategy Towards Elections in Nigeria. Kampala International University Journal of Social Science, Volume 6, No.3, 2020 A Publication of Kampala International University Uganda. (Online): http://www.ijhumas.com/ojs/index.php/kiujoss). , Page 103-108, ISSN-2519-0474. (International).
41. Iroye, S. O. (2019)- Security Awareness and Peaceful Co-Existence: Nigerian 2019 General Election in Perspective. Kaduna Journal of Humanities, Volume 3, No.1 2019. A Publication of the Department of History, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria. Page 286-302.ISSN-2636-6436
42. Iroye, S. O. (2019)- An Overview of the Impact of Religion in Conflict Resolution and Peace Building in Nigeria. Uyo Journal of Sustainable Development, Volume 4, No.1, January to June 2019. A Publication of Clement Isong Centre for Development Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Uyo, Nigeria. Page 153-162. ISSN-2545-5079
43. Iroye, S. O. and Alonge Sylvester (2019)- Impact of Peer Mediation and Peace Clubs in the Acquisition of Peace Building Skills in Nigeria. Dutse International Journal of Social and Economic Research, Volume 3, No.1 December 2019. A Publication of the Centre for Social and Economic Research, Federal University of Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria. Page 199-207. ISSN-2645-3169 (International).
44. Iroye, S. O. (2019)- Religious Conflicts in Nigeria and The Dilemma of the Nigerian Law. Journal of Peace, Security & Development, Volume 5, No.1 2019. A Publication of the Centre for Peace & Strategic Studies, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Page 139-150. ISSN-2360-9435.
45. Iroye, S. O. (2019)- Traditional Rulers as Pertinent Tool and Viable Strategy for Peace Building in The Contemporary Nigeria. Dutse International Journal of Social and Economic Research, Volume 2, No.1 July 2019. A Publication of the Centre for Social and Economic Research, Federal University of Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria. Page 133-141, ISSN-2645-3169 (International).
46. Basil Ibebunjo and Iroye, S. O. (2019)- The New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) And African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM): African Solutions to African Problems? Fulafia Journal of Social Sciences
-Volume 2, No.1, April 2019. Publication of The Faculty of Social Sciences, Federal University of Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Page 59-70. ISSN2579-0641
47. Iroye, S.O. (2019)- Gender Inequality; A Nigeria and International Institutional Framework in Perspectives. Ilorin Journal of Sociology
-Volume 11, No.1&2, March 2019. A Publication of the Department of Sociology, University of Ilorin, Nigeria. Page 57-69. ISSN1117-9481
48. Iroye, S. O. (2018)- Immunity Clause and The Nigerian Legal System: Problems and Prospects for National Peace and Security. Kaduna Journal of Humanities, Volume 2, No.2 2018. A Publication of the Department of History, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria. Page 369-385. ISSN-2636-6436
49. Basil Ibebunjo and Iroye, S. O. (2018)- Conflict Transformation and Peace Building in Divided Homogeneous Communities. Journal of Social Sciences, Volume 2, No.2 2018. A Publication of the Faculty of Social Sciences, National Open University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria. Page 57-84. ISSN-2579-0838 (International).
50. Basil O. Ibebunjo and Iroye S. O. (2018)- An Assessment of the Impact of Open and Distance Learning in Tertiary Institutions On Peacebuilding in Nigeria. [West African Journal of Open and Flexible Learning -Volume 7, No.1, July 2018,] Page 1-21. ISSN-2276-6472 (International).
51. Iroye, S. O. (2018)- An Appraisal of the Nigeria Criminal Justice System in The Resolution of National Security Issues. Uyo Journal of Sustainable Development, Volume 3, No.2 2018. A Publication of Clement Isong Centre for Development Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Uyo, Nigeria, Page 20-29. ISSN 2545-5079.
52. J. O. Olatoke, San; K. A. Mahmud, N.O.A. Ijaiya, Iroye Samuel O., Hassan I. Adebowale. (2018). Universality of Prisoners’ Right and Appraisal of the Level of Conformity in Nigeria, [ Nnamdi Azikiwe University Journal of International Law and Jurisprudence, Volume 9 (1) 2018]. A Publication of the Faculty of Law, Nnamdi Azikiwe University. Page 159-166. ISSN-2276-7371.
53. Iroye, S. O. (2018)- Discrimination Against Female Gender and The Challenges of Adequate Legal Protection in Nigeria. Joseph Ayo Babalola University Law Journal, Volume 5, 2018. A Publication of the Faculty of Law, Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Ikeji-Arakeji, Nigeria, Page 39-54. ISSN2449-1853.
54. Iroye S. O. And Emeke N. Chegwe (2018)- An Evaluation of the Prospects and Problems of the Introduction of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Into The Nigerian Legal System. [National Open University of Nigeria Noun Journal of Commercial Law -Volume 2, No.1, 2018. Publication of The Department of Commercial Law, Faculty of Law, National Open University of Nigeria.] Page 81-104. ISSN:2017-6435.
55. Iroye, S.O. (2017)- An Examination of the Criminal Justice System and Its Contending Challenges in Nigeria. [National Open University of Nigeria Noun Journal of Commercial Law -Volume 1, No.1, 2017- Publication of The Department of Commercial Law, Faculty of Law, National Open University of Nigeria. Page 1-17]. ISSN:2017-6435.
56. Iroye, S.O. (2016)- An Examination of the Operation of ‘’Rights to Freedom of Expression’’ Vis-à-vis Overriding Issues in Nigeria. [Journal of Social Policy and Society- Volume 11, N0. 1, 2016. Duncan Science Publication, Calabar, Nigeria. Page 186-197] ISSN-2006-1080.
57. Iroye, S.O. (2016)- The Right to Life and Death Penalty; A Display of Legal Antithesis in The Nigerian Law. [National Open University of Nigeria Law Journal-Volume 1, 2016- Publication of The Faculty of Law, National Open University of Nigeria. Page 77-94].ISSN-2449-0202.
58. Iroye, S.O. (2016) – An Overview of the Environmental Impact of Gas Flaring and Legislative Response in Nigeria. International Journal of Social Science and Sustainable Development, Volume 6 Number 1, 2016. Publication of Centre for Advanced Training and Research, Accra, Ghana. Page 144-157. ISSN-2276-8157
59. Iroye, S.O. (2016)- A Critical Examination of the Effect of Religious Activities On the Environment and The Challenges of Adequate Legal Regulation. [National Open University of Nigeria, Noun Journal of Jurisprudence and International Law. Volume 1 No.2, 2016- Publication of The Department of Jurisprudence, Faculty of Law, National Open University of Nigeria. Page 47-68]. ISSN-2579-1354.
60. Aare Folashade and Iroye, S.O. (2015)- The Legal Overview of Child Labour and The Overriding Positive Impact of Education. [Law Journal of Ekiti State University- Volume 6, 2015- Publication of The Faculty of Law, Ekiti State University, Page 481-518]. ISSN1591-3921.
61. Iroye, S.O. (2014)- Nigeria in The Centenary, The Challenges of Governance and The Exigency of Legal Reforms. [Journal of Legal Studies- Volume 1, 2014- Publication of The School of Law, National Open University of Nigeria. Page 155-181]. ISBN-978-978-4861-65-6.
62. Iroye, S.O. (2014) – A General Overview of the Concept of National Conference, its operations, Necessity and Legal Implication in Nigeria: Fact. Journal of Social and Policy Issues, Volume 11 Number 2, 2014. Publication of Department of Political Science, Usman Danfodio University, Sokoto State, Nigeria. Page 131-138. ISSN-1117-1669.
63. Iroye, S.O. (2013) – The Prospect of Actualising Effective Control Measures against Money Laundering in Nigeria: Fact or Fiction. International Journal of Social Science and Sustainable Development, Volume 3 Number 2, 2013. Publication of Centre for Advanced Training and Research, Cameroon. Page 1-10. ISSN-2276-8157.
64. Iroye, S.O. (2013)- Environmental Protection and Legal Regulation in Nigeria. [National Open University of Nigeria Law Journal-2013- Publication of The School of Law, National Open University of Nigeria. Page 35-56]. ISSN- 2449-0202.
65. Chima Mordi, Iroye S.O., Mordi Tonbara, Stella Ojo (2012) - Corporate Social Responsibility and The Legal Regulation in Nigeria. Economic Insights
– Trends and Challenges, Vol. Lxiv, No. 1/2012. Publication of The Petroleum –
Gas University of Ploiesti, Romania. (Online: Http://Eprints.Covenantuniversity.Edu.Ng/4356/1/1.%20mordi_Opeyemi_Tonbara - Page 1-8 Online ISSN 2284-8584. (International).